Desain dan Pengembangan Solar Tracker Otomatis Berbasis ESP32 dengan Algoritma Astronomis untuk Peningkatan Efisiensi Panel Surya
Abstract
Efisiensi panel surya statis terbatas akibat perubahan sudut datang sinar matahari sepanjang hari. Penelitian ini merancang dan mengembangkan sistem solar tracker otomatis satu sumbu berbasis mikrokontroler ESP32 dengan algoritma astronomis untuk mengoptimalkan penyerapan energi surya. Posisi matahari dihitung secara matematis berdasarkan koordinat geografis dan waktu lokal, kemudian dikonversi menjadi sudut azimut dan elevasi yang menggerakkan aktuator linear. Sensor inersia MPU6050 digunakan sebagai umpan balik sudut untuk mempertahankan posisi panel yang presisi. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu mengikuti pergerakan matahari dengan rata-rata kesalahan pelacakan +- 0,4deg, menghasilkan peningkatan daya keluaran sebesar 28,1%, serta efisiensi konversi energi meningkat dari 13,8% menjadi 17,6%. Dengan konsumsi daya rendah dan akurasi tinggi, sistem ini efektif dalam meningkatkan efisiensi panel surya dan layak diterapkan pada instalasi energi surya skala kecil hingga menengah.
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